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📒 fluid mechanics concept IOCL 2025

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A fluid is a substance that continuously deforms (flows) under the action of a shear stress, doesn't matter how much small shear stress .

1. Definition Shear stress is the stress component that acts tangentially (parallel) to the surface of a material, rather than normally (perpendicular). It is generated when a force is applied along the surface of a material. --- 2. Formula \tau = \frac{F}{A} Where: = shear stress (N/m² or Pascal) = tangential (shear) force applied = area over which force acts --- 3. Explanation with Example Imagine you place a deck of cards on a table. If you push the top card sideways, the top card slides relative to the rest. That sliding effect is caused by shear stress. --- 4. In Fluids In fluid mechanics, shear stress is important because: Fluids continuously deform (flow) when even a small shear stress is applied. Solids resist shear stress, but fluids cannot — that’s why they keep flowing. Relationship for Newtonian fluids: \tau = \mu \frac{du}{dy} Where: = dynamic viscosity = velocity gradient perpendicular to flow
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non Newtonian fluid

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